Probing Without Labels

Contrast-only Reproductions of Interpretability Results

Stefan F. Schouten, Peter Bloem · Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam · BlackboxNLP 2026

Negation and truth

Four statements per city: affirmed or negated, with the correct or an incorrect country. On the first three components the four statement types form a tetrahedron. The animation looks down each contrast axis in turn, where that contrast collapses and the other two form a square, then turns the solid freely. Below, drag to rotate; the buttons look down the axis that collapses one contrast.

Llama-2-7B · g-tcPCA · animated

Llama-2-7B · g-tcPCA

Llama-2-7B · tcPCA

Llama-3.1-8B · g-tcPCA

Llama-3.1-8B · tcPCA

True, false, neither

Statements about real cities (true or false) and invented ones (neither), on the first two components.

Llama-2-7B · g-tcPCA

Llama-2-7B · tcPCA

Llama-3.1-8B · g-tcPCA

Llama-3.1-8B · tcPCA

Days of the week

Tuples that differ only in the weekday; the class means are joined in calendar order.

Llama-2-7B · g-tcPCA

Llama-2-7B · tcPCA

Llama-3.1-8B · g-tcPCA

Llama-3.1-8B · tcPCA

Months of the year

Tuples that differ only in the month.

Llama-2-7B · g-tcPCA

Llama-2-7B · tcPCA

Llama-3.1-8B · g-tcPCA

Llama-3.1-8B · tcPCA

Choice of layer

Accuracy against layer for tcPCA, g-tcPCA, CCS and a supervised logistic probe, per dataset and token (choose them above the plot). The paper summarises these as an average over datasets; block 15 (the paper's layer 16) sits on the plateau.

Llama-2-7B

Llama-3.1-8B

Eigenvalue spectra

The top ten tcPCA eigenvalues per dataset and token. One eigenvalue standing out means the pairs isolate a single contrastive direction.

Llama-2-7B

Llama-3.1-8B

CCS accuracy per seed

Every one of the 30 CCS seeds, per dataset and token. Where the seeds split into two groups, a mean describes no run that actually happened.

Llama-2-7B

Llama-3.1-8B